Principal-resolver chain

The auth module exposes an extension point — a list of async resolvers on app.state.auth.principal_resolvers — that lets downstream modules plug in additional credential sources alongside the built-in session cookie. This is the supported way to add Personal Access Tokens, API keys, JWT bearers, or any other request-scoped authentication scheme without forking auth.AuthMiddleware.

The contract

from collections.abc import Awaitable, Callable
from starlette.requests import Request
from auth import PrincipalResolver, UserContext

PrincipalResolver = Callable[[Request], Awaitable[UserContext | None]]

A resolver MUST:

• Be async (it is awaited by the middleware).
• Bail fast when its credential type isn't present (e.g., return None immediately if there is no Authorization header) — resolvers run on every request, including completely unauthenticated ones.
• Self-check active / disabled state before returning a UserContext. The middleware does not re-validate.
• Never raise on bad credentials — return None so the chain continues to the next resolver. The middleware swallows exceptions defensively but resolver authors should not rely on it.
• Not write to the session. Resolver-authenticated requests are per-request only; they never silently elevate into a long-lived session cookie. (To mint a session, use the standard login flow.)

Resolution order

auth.AuthMiddleware consults credential sources in this order:

1. The active AuthProvider — provider.resolve_user(request), the existing fast/cached path (session cookie for the users provider). If it returns a UserContext, the user is authenticated and the resolver chain is not consulted.
2. Registered resolvers, in registration order. The first non-None return wins.
3. Unauthenticated — for /api/* paths (or any request the provider reports as a bearer request) the middleware returns 401 {"detail": "Not authenticated"}; otherwise it 302-redirects to provider.get_login_url(request) (the users provider's is /users/login) and stashes the original URL in session["next"].

The chain runs on every request, including public paths (/health, /openapi.json, the login page itself). That lets a resolver attach request.state.user for telemetry even on unauthenticated routes. The unauthenticated response is suppressed for public paths regardless of resolver outcome — the chain populates the principal, public-path allow-listing controls the response.

Worked example — bearer-token resolver

A module that ships its own Personal-Access-Token table registers a resolver from its on_startup hook:

# modules/example/example/module.py
from __future__ import annotations

from typing import TYPE_CHECKING

from auth import PrincipalResolver, UserContext
from simple_module_core.module import ModuleBase, ModuleMeta
from starlette.requests import Request

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    from fastapi import FastAPI


class ExampleModule(ModuleBase):
    meta = ModuleMeta(name="Example", depends_on=["Auth", "Users"])

    async def on_startup(self, app: FastAPI) -> None:
        app.state.auth.principal_resolvers.append(self._build_pat_resolver(app))

    @staticmethod
    def _build_pat_resolver(app: FastAPI) -> PrincipalResolver:
        async def resolve_pat(request: Request) -> UserContext | None:
            header = request.headers.get("Authorization", "")
            if not header.startswith("Bearer "):
                return None
            token = header.removeprefix("Bearer ")

            # Look up the token in the module's own storage and load the user.
            async with app.state.sm.db.session_factory() as session:
                record = await find_active_token(session, token)
                if record is None:
                    return None
                user = await load_user_with_roles(session, record.user_id)
                if user is None or not user.is_active or user.disabled_at is not None:
                    return None
                return UserContext.from_user(user)

        return resolve_pat

depends_on=["Auth", "Users"] ensures AuthModule.register_settings has run (so app.state.auth exists) and — since AuthModule.register_middleware installs AuthMiddleware (which calls the resolvers) — that the auth stack is wired before this module's on_startup appends its resolver. The Users dependency is for loading the user records the resolver looks up.

Performance — caching the token lookup

The middleware does not cache resolver results (there's nothing safe to key on — credentials must be re-validated every request to honor revocation). For each authenticated request, the resolver opens a fresh DB session and queries the token store. That's one round-trip per request.

For high-traffic deployments, cache the token-to-user mapping inside the resolver — typically an LRU keyed by the token (or its hash) with a short TTL. The resolver still runs every request, but the DB lookup is skipped on cache hits. Pick a TTL short enough that revocation latency stays acceptable. The framework deliberately stays out of this — caching policy is a per-module concern.

When NOT to write a resolver

• You want to mint a long-lived session. Use the standard login flow (/users/login or OAuth). Resolvers are explicitly forbidden from writing the session.
• You only need a per-endpoint API-key check. A FastAPI dependency (require_api_key) on the route signature is simpler and keeps the authenticated-user shape clean.
• You want to override the users module's behavior (e.g., reject active users, change role semantics). Resolvers add credential sources; they don't change the rules of authentication. For that, swap UsersModule/AuthMiddleware outright.

Testing your resolver

Write resolver tests against a minimal app (see modules/users/tests/_middleware_support.py::_build_app for the pattern used by the framework's own resolver suite — it takes a principal_resolvers= keyword and seeds app.state.auth for you).

End-to-end tests should drive the full create_app(settings) stack and append your resolver to app.state.auth.principal_resolvers in a fixture — see tests/test_principal_resolver_integration.py for a worked example.